Notes

• - In 44 B.C. Caesar secured the votes to become dictator for life
• - On the ides of March (March 15) Caesar was lured into the Senate house unarmed and was killed
• - This death only made things worse for the Senate
• - New emperors would be on their way to become leaders of Rome
• - Mark Antony a commander under Caesar and Caesars grandnephew Octavian fought each other
• - They joined forces in order to fight Caesar's assassins, Brutus and Cassius
• - They would defeat Cassius and Brutus in Greece
• - They forced Senate to say that Julius Caesar was a "Divine Being"
• - Marcus Lepidus was also part of the group working with Mark and Octavian
• - Lepidus would rule North Africa, Antony in Alexandria, and Octavian in Rome
• - Antony's affair with Queen Cleopatra made him unpopular in Rome
• - He would try to make conquests on the eastern frontier but failed
• - Octavian would push Lepidus out of power in order to gain that territory and push Rome toward the Danube
• - Octavian would defeat Antony and Cleopatra's forces in a naval battle off of Greece
• - Rome's art, law, philosophy, literature, architecture were based off of the Greeks
• - Latin became dominant language
• - Augustus/ Octavian refused the offer or a long-term dictatorship
• - He was made commander and chief of the military so he allowed the Senate to supervise Italy and Rome
• - He killed many opponents in the Senate and replaced them with friends and allies
• - People's assemblies lost their last bit of power
• - Greek cities started to worship Augustus
• - Shrines of Augustus and Rome began to jump up in the empire
• - When he died the Senate declared him a divine human being like Julius Caesar
• - It became customary for emperors to be worshipped
• - Augustus got the title Father of the Fatherland
• - He was one of many Roman wealthy men making their way up the ranks
• - Augustus had a combined army of 600,000 men
• - By end of his rule all of his soldiers were volunteers
• - He created the worlds first professional standing army
• - Augustus added Egypt, lands from Italy to Greece to the River Danube, a wide swath of Germany to the east of the Rhine
• - He chose a successor so rule could continue
• - Augustus settled on Tiberius, Livia's son
• - Augustus adopted Tiberius as well
• - Augustus died in 14 A.D.
• - Nero was the last descendent of Caesar was overthrown
• - After a brief civil war, Vespasian was made emperor
• - In the second century Marcus Aurelius son was killed and another civil war
• - Septimus Severus was made emperor
• - Augustus' government lasted until the trouble times in the third century